Uthman ibn Affan (RA), one of the closest companions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, holds a distinguished position in Islamic history as the third Caliph of Islam. A man of extraordinary piety, generosity, and modesty, Uthman (RA) played a vital role in the early Muslim community and is best known for standardizing the Qur'an during his caliphate. As one of the al-Asharah al-Mubasharah (the ten promised Paradise), his life is a source of inspiration for all Muslims.
Early Life and Embrace of Islam
Uthman ibn Affan (RA) was born in Ta’if, into the noble Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe. His father was Affan ibn Abi al-As, and his mother was Arwa bint Kurayz. Uthman (RA) was among the wealthiest and most respected men in Makkah before Islam. He was known for his honesty, integrity, and soft-spoken nature.
He embraced Islam at the hands of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (RA) and was among the first four men to accept Islam. His acceptance of Islam led to persecution from his own tribe, but he remained steadfast.
Marriage to the Daughters of the Prophet ﷺ
One of the greatest honors in Uthman’s life was marrying two daughters of the Prophet ﷺ, earning him the title “Dhu al-Nurayn” (The Possessor of Two Lights). He first married Ruqayyah (RA), and after her passing, the Prophet ﷺ gave him Umm Kulthum (RA) in marriage.
No other person in history has had this distinction, a testimony to Uthman's noble character and closeness to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.
Role During the Prophet’s Life ﷺ
Uthman (RA) was a sincere supporter of the Prophet ﷺ. His generosity in supporting the Muslim cause was unmatched:
- He financed the expedition of Tabuk, equipping 1,000 soldiers with horses and camels.
- He purchased the well of Rumah and donated it for public use when Muslims were suffering from lack of water in Madinah.
The Prophet ﷺ said about him:
"Whatever Uthman does after today will not harm him."
(Tirmidhi, Hadith 3701)
Caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan (RA)
After the martyrdom of Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), Uthman (RA) was chosen as the third Caliph. His reign lasted for 12 years (644–656 CE), the longest among the Khulafa al-Rashidun.
Achievements During His Caliphate:
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Compilation of the Qur'an
As Islam spread to different regions, dialectical differences emerged. To preserve the purity of the Qur'an, Uthman (RA) commissioned the compilation of the Qur’an into a standardized Mushaf (written copy). He sent these copies to the major Islamic centers. This effort preserved the Qur'an exactly as revealed and remains unchanged to this day. -
Expansion of the Islamic State
Under his leadership, the Islamic empire expanded to North Africa, Cyprus, Armenia, and parts of Persia. The Muslim navy was established, leading to the conquest of Cyprus and securing the Mediterranean. -
Economic and Administrative Reforms
Uthman (RA) continued the system of Bayt al-Mal (state treasury), improved infrastructure, constructed roads and mosques, and introduced official state records.
Trials and Martyrdom
Despite his piety and service, Uthman (RA) faced internal unrest due to misinformation and rebellious elements. He refused to use force against fellow Muslims, even when his life was in danger.
In 656 CE, at the age of 82, while reciting the Qur'an, he was martyred in his home by rebels. His blood fell upon the ayah:
"And Allah will suffice you against them. And He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing."
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:137)
This moment remains one of the most heartbreaking events in Islamic history.
Character and Virtues
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Modesty: Even angels were shy in his presence, as the Prophet ﷺ said:
“Should I not be shy of the one whom the angels are shy of?”
(Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2401) -
Generosity: He spent extensively in the path of Allah without hesitation.
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Wisdom and Patience: Despite the turmoil in his final years, he exhibited unmatched patience and forbearance.
Legacy
Uthman ibn Affan (RA) left a profound impact on the Islamic world. His preservation of the Qur'an remains one of the most critical contributions to Islam. His leadership set an example of humility, justice, and steadfastness in trials.
Uthman ibn Affan (RA) is a timeless role model for all Muslims. His life exemplifies the qualities of a true believer: piety, sacrifice, modesty, and leadership. Remembering his legacy strengthens our connection to the golden era of Islam and deepens our love for the companions of the Prophet ﷺ.
“May Allah be pleased with Uthman ibn Affan and grant him the highest ranks in Jannah.” Ameen.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Why is Uthman called "Dhul-Nurayn"?
A: Because he married two daughters of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ: Ruqayyah and then Umm Kulthum.
Q: What was Uthman's greatest achievement as Caliph?
A: The standardization and distribution of the Qur'an, preserving its authenticity for all generations.
Q: How did Uthman (RA) die?
A: He was martyred at home while reading the Qur'an during a rebellion in 656 CE.
